The Neurophysiology of Sleep and Dreams Essay - 959 Words

The Neurophysiology of Sleep and Dreams The ancient Babylonians thought dreams were messages from supernatural beings, and that the good dreams came from gods and that bad dreams came from demons. (1) Since then people have sought many different explanations for the occurrence and importance of dreams. Before beginning to understand the function or significance of sleep and dreams, it is important to look at when, what, where, and how dreaming and sleeping occur. Adult humans sleep, or should sleep, for about eight hours a day. Peoples necessary time spent sleeping changes over time. Newborns spend about twice as long sleeping. (2) Circadian rhythms, [the term originates from the Latin, circa diem, which means about about†¦show more content†¦The release of different neurotransmitters in different areas seems to determine which type of sleep should be activated. At the onset of sleep serotonin is secreted and seems to trigger NREM. (4) NREM switches to REM sleep with the release of the chemical, acetylcholine, in the pons, which is located in the base of the brain, and later the re-release of noradrenaline and serotonin seems to switch off REM (5) (7) and reactivate NREM sleep again. The action of the neurotransmitters as triggers of NREM and REM sleep is referred to as the reciprocal interaction/activation synthesis. (5) With the excretion of acetylcholine, signals from the pons are sent to the thalamus, which relays them to the cor tex, and also sent to shut off the neurons in the spinal cord, which causes the temporary paralysis of the body. Although the pons is responsible for REM sleep, dreams originate in areas in both the frontal lobe and also at the back of the brain. In twenty-six cases in neurological literature about damage to the pons, although there was a loss of REM sleep in all of them, loss of dreaming was reported in only one of the cases. (5) Also while damage to frontal areas of the cortex makes dreaming impossible, the REM cycle of the individual, whose brain is damaged that way, remainsShow MoreRelatedSleep Disorders and Sleep Deprivation735 Words   |  3 PagesCover Page - Institute of Medicine Committee on Sleep Medicine and Research. (2006) National Academies Press. Washington DC: Colten H. R., Altevogt B. M., Sleep Disorders and Sleep Deprivation: An Unmet Public Health Problem, Sleep Physiology. Rapid Eye Movement(REM) has been correlated with dreams and sleep physiology. It has been tracked by brain waves and muscle movements. Non-Rem(NREM) sleep is the first phase which occurs for 1-7 minutes and the easiest to be interfered with. The brainRead MoreSpeech On Circadian Sleep Cycle1006 Words   |  5 PagesAshley Frederickson Specific purpose statement: To inform my audience about the circadian sleep cycle. Thesis: The circadian rhythm of sleep plays a more important role in your life than you think. Organizational Pattern of main points: Topical Casual Introduction I. A lot happens to your body when you are asleep. According to the National Sleep Foundation, the appropriate duration of sleep for a healthy young adult is 7 to 9 hours. II. A study conducted at the UniversityRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Young Goodman Brown And Other Hawthorne Short Stories 922 Words   |  4 Pageshimself with the devil and the reader starts to wonder if his faith will survive the obstacle. Unfortunately Brown faith disappeared shortly after seeing the world with a new pair of eyes from the devil’s perspective. Even though the entire story was a dream it made an impact in Brown’s life. He was no longer naà ¯ve to see the good in everyone, but rather he would see darkness in them. The story gives great feedback because one can see Brown’s transition from young boy to a man who can acknowledge thatRead MoreIb Extended Essay: Dreams and Memory Consolidation4525 Words   |  19 Pagesstudies of the effects of sleep on memory consolidation; the neural structures in which memory processes are stored; the link between sleep stages and the consolidation of different forms of memory, and how the content of dreams reflect this. The responses from the scientific and psychological communities to these studies were also examined, in particular the criticisms towards the methodological aspects of some of the studies, the inconclusive results from certain sleep deprivation studies, and theRead MoreEssay on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Implications For Brain1865 Words   |  8 PagesWhile the precise definition of post-traumatic stress disorder is contested, most descriptions generally agree that there is a response, sometimes delayed, to an overwhelming event o r events, which takes the form of repeated, intrusive hallucinations, dreams, thoughts, or behaviors stemming from the event, along with numbing that may have begun during or after the experience, and possibly also increased arousal to (and avoidance of) stimuli recalling the events (1) . It is the goal of this paper to demonstrateRead MoreWest Philly Community Acupuncture ( Wpca )2473 Words   |  10 Pagesconflicting evidence regarding its efficacy. The National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health â€Å"acknowledges that ancient teachings based on meridian theory and the flow of qi are difficult to reconcile with modern-day anatomy and neurophysiology†, though the NIH states that â€Å"evidenced-based support for acupuncture exists† (Faircloth, 2015). Clinical trials have shown efficacy in managing postoperative nausea and chronic osteoarthritis pain (Debas, Laxminarayan, and Straus, 2006). The

An Autobiographical Review of Schizophrenia - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1507 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/08/07 Category Psychology Essay Level High school Tags: Schizophrenia Essay Did you like this example? The Center Cannot Hold is an awe-inspiring book about Elyn Saks and her life with Schizophrenia. Elyn starts with describing her childhood growing up with her seemingly normal family. Elyn started displaying symptoms of her schizophrenia while she was an adolescent, shortly after she graduated high school and started college. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "An Autobiographical Review of Schizophrenia" essay for you Create order Elyns symptoms included talking and mumbling to herself about the demons in her head, isolating herself from her friends and family, and refusing to admit that she had a mental disorder. Her psychotic breaks happened usually whenever she was experiencing a change, whether it was good or bad. She was unable to distinguish between her hallucinations and delusions, and reality. Elyn states that her hallucinations were very vivid and realistic, hard to escape, and theyd come out of the blue without warning. The voices in her head would say things like I am a nobody, a nothing, You dont deserve to talk, I am unworthy, If I tried to kill myself, I know I would succeed, Im a piece of shit and I deserve to die, I am God. I give life but I can also take it away, and many times she mentions I have killed many people throughout the book. Elyn also mentions many times the demons inside her head control her actions and thoughts. There was often an underlying problem that caused Elyn to feel this way. Elyn struggled and often neglected her diet and was therefore often emaciated. She wouldnt be able to remember the last time she showered or brushed her teeth because her psychotic episodes were so intense. Elyn also brought to light her experiences in mental hospitals and her very vivid and descriptive memories of being restrained and tied down. Elyn noticed that with psychotherapy, her symptoms and psychotic episodes seemed to lessen, and her cognitive capacities started to return back to her normal functioning. This disease affected her personal and professional life. It took a major emotional and physical toll on not only her life, but as well as her familys lives. Once Elyn admitted to having a disease and was willing to put aside her stigma against medicine, she started to manage her symptoms much better she even fell in love. Her disease brought many other medical obstacles that she had to overcome including a subarachnoid hemorrhage, breast cancer, and Tardive Dyskinesia. But she overcame those obstacles and has become a successful writer, professor, and psychoanalytic. Schizophrenia is classified by the DSM-5 as a psychotic disorder. Psychotic disorders are characterized by unusual thinking, distorted perceptions, and odd behaviors (Beidel, Stanley, Bulik, M.A., 2016, pp. 413). Those diagnosed with psychotic disorders experience being out of touch with reality and unable to think in a logical or coherent manner. They often are found mumbling or talking to themselves or behaving differently. Some psychotic disorders are classified as chronic and others as merely a temporary state of confusion. Schizophrenia is defined in the DSM-5 as a severe psychological disorder characterized by disorganization in thought, perception, and behavior (Beidel, Stanley, Bulik, M.A., 2016, pp. 414). Those diagnosed with schizophrenia do not have logical thoughts or can accurately perceive the world as what it is. They often believe that aliens or demons/the devil is out to get them or spying on them. Elyn Saks mentions many times throughout her novel that the demons inside her head were out to get her. Elyn never mentioned in her book about having visual hallucinations, but rather hearing voices in her head. All around me were thoughts of evil beings, posied with daggers. Theyd slice me up in thin slices or make me swallow hot coals (Saks p.273). As a result of these thoughts, those who have schizophrenia often behave oddly with behaviors such as: appearing to talk to themselves, speaking random thoughts that are going through their head, or even locking themselves away in their homes to pre vent the enemy that is in their heads from getting to them. As I grew steadily more isolated, I began to mutter and gesticulate to myself while walking down the street, something I had never done on my worst days at Vanderbilt or in Miami the summer before (Saks p. 55). Schizophrenia is a serious psychological disorder because the condition creates severe impairment and is often chronic even with the best available treatments (Beidel, Stanley, Bulik, M.A., 2016, pp. 415). Each diagnosis, as well with other mental illness, is unique to the individual. Symptoms, treatment options, and outcomes are different with each diagnosis. A common misconception about the disorder is that a common symptom of schizophrenia is having multiple personalities and often confused with Dissociative Identity Disorder. Dissociative Identity Disorder is a DSM-5 classified disorder that falls under the disorders category. So not to get confused with DID, schizophrenia does not involve having multiple personalities, but rather an inability to perceive the world in an appropriate or adequate way. Symptoms of the disorder include: hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, disorganized or catatonic behavior, and negative symptoms [(behaviors, emotions, or thought processes that exist in people without a psychiatric disorder but are absent in people with schizophrenia)] (Beidel, Stanley, Bulik, M.A., 2016, pp. 416). Cognitive symptoms of the disorder involve visual and verbal deficits, ability to pay attention, information processing, and abstract reasoning. People diagnosed with schizophrenia often have additional psychological disorders along with it; depression and anxiety disorders being the most common. 45% of people diagnosed with schizophrenia have depression and 47% have anxiety disorders (Beidel, Stanley, Bulik, M.A., 2016, pp. 421). Pharmacologic treatment is the treatment of choice for schizophrenics, with the most common medication being antipsychotics. Antipsychotics block dopamine receptors and depending on the drug, blocking may be temporary, permanent, partial or complete, and the type of blocking affects how well the drug works (Beidel, Stanley, Bulik, M.A., 2016, pp. 442). Antipsychotics do not improve negative symptoms or cognitive impairments, but rather decrease positive symptoms (the behaviors most people often associate with schizophrenia). Once Elyn had stopped or lowered her dosage of her antipsychotic, she began to relapse and began experiencing her symptoms all over again. Elyn starts with random mumblings and then is unable to sleep at night. Then, she starts saying things like Im responsible for many deaths. Have I killed you yet (Saks p.275)? Psychosocial treatment involves psychoeducation, cognitive-behavioral treatment, social skills training, supported employment, and comprehensive integrated care. Psychoeducation educates patients and their families about the disorder. This disease is difficult and takes an emotional toll on not only the patient, but also their families. The relationships with the patient can be considerably difficult. The goal of this treatment is to reduce stress on the family members and help both the clinician and the family work with the patient. It helps patients and their families to understand schizophrenia and how to interact with the patient. Cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) is used to try and reduce or eliminate symptoms. Patients continue their medication while being in CBT and between 20 and 50% of people with schizophrenia continue to have hallucinations despite taking antipsychotic medication. CBT consists of psychoeducation about psychosis and hallucinations, exploration of individual beliefs about hallucinations and delusions, education in using coping strategies to deal with the symptoms, and improving self-esteem (Beidel, Stanley, Bulik, M.A., 2016, pp.445). When delivered by experts in the profession, CBT has shown to drastically reduce hallucinations. Elyns story fits with what we would expect given the diagnosis. She had the hallucinations, delusions, disorganized behavior and speech, and the social seclusion while having psychotic episodes. Elyn took control of her disease by continuing her therapy and taking her recommended dosage of antipsychotics. She still has her episodes every once in a while, but she is living with her disease. I feel that other patients and clinicians may find this book helpful in many ways. This book gives insight and offers hope for those who are diagnosed with schizophrenia. It tells the story of everything Elyn went through to get to where she is today. There is no cure for schizophrenia, but her story gives hope to those who are diagnosed with it that people can live with disease. This book would also be helpful for clinicians, as well. This book offers insight into how patients are really feeling and that sometimes clinicians do not always understand what is going on in their mind. This book also tells about the different approaches Elyns clinicians used to try and help her. This book should not be a recommended read for patients recently diagnosed with the disorder because it could scare the patients and therefore increase their symptoms. For patients who have had the disorder for a decent amount of time, and by the discretion of their therapist, this book may be a helpful tool. It offers hope and encouragement for those who have schizophrenia, and that people can live a seemingly normal life (with the occasional setbacks). Schizophrenia is a complex disease and is the most common psychotic disorder. It has been the most thoroughly studied and Elyn Saks The center cannot hold offers insight to her experiences with living with schizophrenia.

The Treatment of Native Americans on Reservations

The Treatment of Native Americans on Reservations Ever since white men came to the New World, they were never at peace with the native peoples. One of the first white men to come to North America was Sir Walter Raleigh, who took the Indians he met as slaves as early as 1584. In the years that followed, settlers forced the Native Americans further and further west. By the year 1850, there had been many attempts at peaceful negotiations and uprisings on both sides, but the government eventually decided that reservations were the only way to contain the Indians and have peace. These reservations took away their pride, freedom, and way of life. Native Americans in reservations today are still plagued by lack of food and shelter, health and†¦show more content†¦Before the Kansas-Nebraska Act, whites had not been legally allowed to purchase land from the Indians, they just pushed them further west. After the Act, whites were allowed to purchase land from them for a certain price . -plainshumanities.unl.edu The government made the Indians move off their land to the new reservations, where they were given individual farms, or allotments. In one way, this was better than living on the reservations, because there was less brutal contact between the whites and the Indians. Instead of government forces constantly pushing them to the Pacific Coast, government officials made them move directly to plots of land. --plainshumanities.unl.edu After being moved to unfamiliar land (and the Europeans took the best lands for themselves), they could not feed themselves well. They could not hunt or farm on bad land, and the food and money sent to them monthly was not nearly enough. Also, they did not know how to do irrigation systems, plus the government would force several different (often hostile) tribes into a new land together. --us history.org Children had to go to schools specifically for Indians. They were taught to read and write English, and were forced to convert to Christianity (Life on the Reservations). They also were forced to look and dress like Americans. The population dwindled rapidly. Without their old ways of life, many people died on the way to the reservation, on the reservation (due to alcoholism, poverty, andShow MoreRelatedNative American Healing And Native Americans1478 Words   |  6 Pagestwenty-one of those tribes reside in Arizona. In fact, Arizona State Tempe campus is located on the ancestral homelands of the Akimel O’odham (Pima) and Pee Posh (Maricopa) people. Native American healing is a unique system that varies from tribe to tribe but most share similar characteristics of treatment. Native American healing goes back thousands of years before the European settlers migrated to North America. The indigenous people at the time were familiar with plants, herbs, smoke, prayers, andRead MoreThe Treatment Of Native Americans1426 Words   |  6 Pagesinsulting the Native American people with poor excuses. This paper will discuss the fairness of the treatment of Native Americans in America by the US government over the years, and consider the effects of this treatment and abuse even today. It will look into the lives of those living on the Reservations, the Native Americans who have moved into an urban society. It will be explained by researching how they are being treated even in modern times. The cruel treatment of Native Americans is nothingRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcoholism On American Indians And Alaska1429 Words   |  6 Pageshealth impact on American Indians and Alaska Native than on other racial groups† (Landen, M., Roeber, J., Naimi, T., Nielsen, L., Sewell, M., 2014). American Indians and Alaska Natives have the â€Å"highest rate of binge drinking (30.2%) and heavy alcohol use (8.5%) of all racial groups in the United States† (Rieckmann, 2016). To fight high rates of alcoholism, federal law was implemented for prohibition of alcohol on Indian Reservations in 1974. Alcohol abuse on the reservation is cause for muchRead MoreWar Crimes Against Native Americans Essay1062 Words   |  5 PagesWar crimes against Native Americans. Retrieved from http://www.worldfuturefund.org/wffmaster/Reading/war.crimes/US/Indian.Removal.htm Diller, J. V. (2015). Cultural diversity: a primer for the human services. Australia: Cengage Learning. Conversations with Native Americans about mental health needs and community strengths. (March 2009). Retrieved from http://www.dhcs.ca.gov/services/MH/Documents/BP_Native_American Native American communities and mental health. Retrieved from http://wwwRead MoreThe Dawes Severalty Act of 1887826 Words   |  3 PagesThere has been much documentation on the plight of Native Americans throughout the beginnings of this nation. In spite of the attempts by the early government of the United States, the culture of many Native American tribes has survived and even flourished. The Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 is just one of many examples of how our government attempted to wipe out Native American culture. This paper will discuss the Dawes Act, particularly the time leading up to the act, the act itself, and finallyRead MoreEssay about Black Elk and the History of the Lakota Native American690 Words   |  3 PagesLakota Native Americans. Having witnessed the Battle of Little Bighorn and living through the transfer of Native Americans to the Pine Ridge Reservation, Black Elk can attest to the treatment endured by Native Americans. Black Elk tells the story of a peop le injured in war and subject to sufferings for the years to follow. Black Elk was born in 1863 in Wyoming (â€Å"Black Elk†). He would later become the Oglala Lakota holy man (â€Å"Black Elk – 1863-1950†). Chief Crazy Horse led a group of Sioux Native AmericansRead MoreFilm Review : Little To Brooklyn And Back By Mushkeg Media Inc. And The National Film Board Of Essay1344 Words   |  6 Pagesnarrator of this film is Raeghan Tarbell who is a member of the Mohawk community. Her accounts of driving to her current home in Brooklyn to the Reservation parallels the travels of her family and Mohawk people before her. Little Caughnawaga to Brooklyn and Back is a film that explores the lives of the Mohawk people living on the Caughnawaga or Kahnawake Reservation near Montreal, Canada. It also highlights a terrible tragedy that the Mohawk community was able to overcome. As a result of this tragedy andRead MoreLiberty And Education For All America, The Land Of Opportunity1531 Words   |  7 Pageseducation people can get jobs and make a living off it. Native Americans need education to get out of poverty and to reach out to society and, hopefully, catch with the rest of the world. People tend to forgot the importance of Native Americans and that they too can contribute to the country. Even though people think as America is the best at everything, the people running the country do not seem to care that graduation rates on Native American reservations are lower because of poverty and lack of importanceRead MoreNative Americans and the Frontie Essay989 Words   |  4 PagesNative Americans and the Frontier The Native Americans of today are descendents of the Mongoloid people who migrated from Asia into N. America somewhere in between 20 to 40,000 years ago. When the Europeans rediscovered N. America at the end of the 15th century, the Native Americans whom they discovered were particularly diverse in nature. They were diverse in terms of their religion, political organisation and their language. Aspects of the relationshipsRead MoreReservation Blues By Sherman Alexie1256 Words   |  6 Pagestowards building a cohesive country. Sherman Alexie’s story Reservation Blues explores the lives of some Native Americans who wrestled with cultural, racial, and religious barriers to embrace the rest of the country. The story reflects the process of racial and cultural integration the country has been going through since its inception, revealing an underlying struggle by the minority groups in the country to become part of the Americans culture that is often dominated by the majority white population

Cause and Effect for Business Growth and Failure- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Cause and Effect for Business Growth and Failure. Answer: Causes of business growth and failure, marketing, business trends Failure in business is an aspect that mostly will be avoided but it should not be ignored as it could result in avoiding warning signs. A study depicts that 65% of new businesses strive for two or more years, 50% for four years, 40% for six years or more than that (Lussier, pg. 360-377). A cause effect analysis of several factors can depict business growth and failure rates by analysing marketing and business trends. While the effect that is analysed in the study is clear which is business failure, causes might be variable in nature as highlighted below from specific business trends. Failure in understanding customers and market: It is integral to understand competitive market space along with customer habits (Carroll, pag. 29-49). Developing an understanding regarding customers and their willingness to spend is analysing the market space and putting the best foot forward. Business trends can be understood by means customer and market. Business trend analysis needs to be understood in great details as it will determine success for the business and depict its sustainability for the future. Opening business in an unprofitable industry: While selecting the industry of operations, it becomes essential that ways in which sustainable growth can be attained be figured. This will allow positive cash flow for the business and allow to stay in the business. Even in case the business is stable, in an unprofitable industry it will not be able to gain much momentum or emerge as a competitive leader. Failure in understanding and communicating product: Customers needs to clearly understand their value proposition (Teece, pg. 172-194). Communicating effectively to customers allows developing a market connect. Product features and its core values needs to be appropriately communicated to its key customers such that customer can understand the values it can deliver. Post understanding of the products features, a customer will be ready to pay price for the product. Communication methods also needs to be ascertained and determined for establishing core competency. Inadequate financing: Every business requires adequate cash flows for staying afloat throughout its cycles and flow of business (Hughes, pg. 651-661). Having low balance in bank account can leave the business unsuccessful, sometimes it becomes difficult to get cash from money lenders as well. Reactive attitudes: Business needs to be responsive to market trends, cycles, sales cycle, technology to respond to competitive sphere. A key to business long-term profitability or success is in business. A business needs to provide a responsive attitude towards the market, and be industry ready to be able to emerge as a leader. Overdependence on single customer: Businesses needs to strategies to attract a large pool of customers. Businesses cannot overemphasize on one customer, who if walks out might leave the business hampered. More the customer spread for a certain type of business, greater will be the success determining businesses. No customer strategy: Customer influences is a key factor in every business. A business needs to realize the key factors which customers of the business likes or dislikes (Hatten, pg. 125-320). Having clear understanding regarding the customer can help develop a big role in the strategy and manage business effectively. \ Poor management: Business management includes a varied range of activities. Planning, organizing, controlling, communicating, directing and some other functionalities encompasses key roles for the business management. Successful companies have excellent management skills and resources that allows establishing their businesses in a positive fashion. No planning: In case a business cannot plan to establish itself and management it, it might eventually appear to be a failure (Cohen, pg. 238-429). Concrete actionable strategies allows businesses develop engagement, alignment, ownership for the organisation, creating sustainable features. A business is established on the plans it develops and on which it functions, hence planning encompasses key attributes of every business. Thus, in order to establish successful businesses there needs to be appropriate planning strategies implemented. Low Marketing: Businesses depends on their marketing activities which highlights the brand name for the business. Low marketing activities of businesses might make it less visible to its customers and attract less number of customers. Business trends can pick up in case of increased marketing activities of businesses, such leads to business prominence and development. Reference Lists Carroll, Archie B., and Kareem M. Shabana. "The business case for corporate social responsibility: A review of concepts, research and practice."International journal of management reviews12.1 (2010): 85-105.Cohen, B., Winn, M. I. "Market imperfections, opportunity and sustainable entrepreneurship." Journal of Business Venturing (2007): 29-49. Hatten, Timothy S.Small business management: Entrepreneurship and beyond. Nelson Education, 2015 Hughes, Mathew, and Robert E. Morgan. "Deconstructing the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and business performance at the embryonic stage of firm growth."Industrial marketing management36.5 (2007): 651-661 Lussier, Robert N., and Claudia E. Halabi. "A three?country comparison of the business success versus failure prediction model."Journal of Small Business Management48.3 (2010): 360-377 Teece, David J. "Business models, business strategy and innovation."Long range planning43.2 (2010): 172-194.